Build Guides                                                    

 liquid coolers are types of liquid cooling systems for computers. The main differences between them lie in cooling performance, ease of installation, and budget considerations. Understanding the distinctions between these two systems is crucial for choosing the right one for your needs.

pre-assembled, closed-loop liquid cooling system

 that includes a water block, pump, tubing, and radiator. It is designed to offer better cooling performance than traditional air coolers, helping CPUs maintain low temperatures under heavy workloads.

AIO coolers are low-maintenance and easy to install, making them very popular among DIY PC builders.

A typical AIO liquid cooler consists of the following components:

 that users build from individual components. Unlike AIO coolers, each part—such as the CPU block, reservoir, radiator, pump, tubing, and fittings—must be purchased and assembled separately.

Custom loops deliver top-tier cooling performance and maximum customization, but they are more complex to build, time-consuming, and costly to maintain.

A typical custom loop includes the following:





Both AIO (All-In-One) and custom loop liquid coolers are types of liquid cooling systems for computers. The main differences between them lie in cooling performance, ease of installation, and budget considerations. Understanding the distinctions between these two systems is crucial for choosing the right one for your needs.



AIO (All-In-One) Liquid Coolers







What is an AIO Liquid Cooler?

An All-In-One (AIO) Liquid Cooler is a pre-assembled, closed-loop liquid cooling system that includes a water block, pump, tubing, and radiator. It is designed to offer better cooling performance than traditional air coolers, helping CPUs maintain low temperatures under heavy workloads.



AIO coolers are low-maintenance and easy to install, making them very popular among DIY PC builders.







Components of an AIO Cooler

A typical AIO liquid cooler consists of the following components:





Water Block: Mounted on the CPU, it contains a copper base and an integrated pump, responsible for transferring heat from the CPU to the coolant.



Pump: Usually integrated into the water block (though some models have it on the tubing), it circulates the coolant through the loop.



Radiator: Transfers heat from the coolant to the air, typically using fans to aid the process.



Fans: Mounted on the radiator to help dissipate heat from the warm coolant.



Pros





Easy to install: Comes pre-assembled, so even beginners can install it with ease.



Maintenance-free: Sealed loop system that requires no refilling or cleaning during its lifespan.



Stable performance: Offers better cooling than most air coolers, especially for high-performance CPUs.



Clean aesthetics: Often features RGB lighting and stylish water block designs for visual appeal.



Cons





Limited lifespan: Pumps usually last 3–5 years; over time, coolant may evaporate and reduce cooling performance.



Non-serviceable: If any internal component fails, you must return it to the manufacturer for repair or replacement.



Custom Loop Liquid Cooling







What is a Custom Loop?

A custom loop liquid cooling system is an open-loop system that users build from individual components. Unlike AIO coolers, each part—such as the CPU block, reservoir, radiator, pump, tubing, and fittings—must be purchased and assembled separately.

Custom loops deliver top-tier cooling performance and maximum customization, but they are more complex to build, time-consuming, and costly to maintain.







Components of a Custom Loop

A typical custom loop includes the following:





CPU Block: Mounted on the CPU to absorb and transfer heat into the coolant.



Pump: Drives coolant through the entire loop.



Reservoir: Stores coolant, allows for easy monitoring of coolant levels, and helps with refilling and air removal.



Tubing: Carries coolant through the loop. Available in soft tubing and hard tubing options.



Coolant: Transfers heat and can be clear or colored for aesthetics.



Fittings: Connect tubing to components; ensure tight seals to prevent leaks.







Pros





Superior cooling performance: Can cool both CPU and GPU, ideal for heavy overclocking or workstation setups.



Highly customizable appearance: Use of hard tubing, distribution plates, colored coolant, and RGB lighting enables fully personalized aesthetics.



Scalability: Supports dual radiators, large reservoirs, multiple loops, and sensor integration.



Cons





High skill requirement: Requires knowledge of liquid cooling and hands-on assembly experience—not beginner-friendly.



Time-consuming installation: Can take hours or even days to complete; includes leak testing and air bleeding.



Expensive: Individual components can be costly—entire setups often cost hundreds of USD.



Higher risk: Improper installation can lead to coolant leaks and potential hardware damage.



Buying Recommendations





AIO Liquid Cooler: Ideal for regular gamers and users who want good cooling with minimal maintenance. Offers a balanced choice between performance and convenience.



Custom Loop Cooling: Best suited for enthusiasts who seek maximum performance and enjoy building PCs from the ground up. Offers unmatched cooling and aesthetics but demands time, skill, and budget.



DY470 Custom Loop Installation Video





Compare AIO and Custom Loop cooling solutions to find the right fit for your PC.

How to Choose a Liquid Cooler: AIO vs. Custom Loop Cooling

If you've been researching computers recently—whether you're building a PC or upgrading components—you've probably come across mysterious motherboard model names like “Z890,” “B760,” or “X870.” But what do these letters and numbers actually mean? And how can you make sure you're choosing the right one?

Don't worry—this article is written specifically for 

. It'll help you fully understand motherboard naming conventions, and also explain the differences between Intel and AMD boards.

What is Z890? How do you read a motherboard model number?

Let’s break down the naming logic using “Z890” as an example. It can be divided into two parts:

Intel vs AMD Motherboards: What’s the Difference?

While both Intel and AMD motherboards let you plug in a CPU, RAM, and graphics card to run a PC, their naming systems and specifications are different.

Different CPU generations use different sockets:

, meaning it offers enhanced features and expandability—like more PCIe lanes, USB ports, and stronger power delivery.

Here’s a quick summary of common usage scenarios:

(Only a selection of mainstream models is listed)

(for full motherboard support, please refer to each brand’s official website)

Quick Tip: Make Sure the CPU Matches the Socket!

You can’t install an Intel 13th Gen CPU (LGA1700) on a motherboard that only supports LGA1200. Similarly, you can’t use a Ryzen 7000 CPU on an AM4 motherboard.

Conclusion: Motherboard Model Numbers Aren’t That Hard!

Then motherboard model names won’t feel like a foreign language anymore. You’ll be able to confidently choose the right board without getting confused by spec sheets!





If you've been researching computers recently—whether you're building a PC or upgrading components—you've probably come across mysterious motherboard model names like “Z890,” “B760,” or “X870.” But what do these letters and numbers actually mean? And how can you make sure you're choosing the right one?



Don't worry—this article is written specifically for complete beginners. It'll help you fully understand motherboard naming conventions, and also explain the differences between Intel and AMD boards.



What is Z890? How do you read a motherboard model number?

Let’s break down the naming logic using “Z890” as an example. It can be divided into two parts:





Z: Represents the tier or level of the motherboard (higher-tier models have more features and cost more)



890: Indicates the CPU generation it supports (this number changes with each new CPU generation)



Intel vs AMD Motherboards: What’s the Difference?

While both Intel and AMD motherboards let you plug in a CPU, RAM, and graphics card to run a PC, their naming systems and specifications are different.





(ROG Z890, VIDEOCARDZ)



Intel Motherboards Overview

Intel models usually start with Z, B, or H to indicate tier:





Z Series: High-end; supports CPU and RAM overclocking; most feature-rich



B Series: Mid-range, good value and performance; ideal for most users



H Series: Entry-level, basic features, lowest cost

Different CPU generations use different sockets:





LGA1851: For the latest 15th Gen Core Ultra (e.g., Z890, B860)



LGA1700: For 12th to 14th Gen



LGA1200: For 10th and 11th Gen





(AORUS X870, VIDEOCARDZ)



AMD Motherboards Overview

AMD uses X, B, and A to represent tiers:





X Series: High-end, for enthusiasts and creators; supports the most PCIe and USB lanes



B Series: Mid-range, best value for performance



A Series: Entry-level, no flashy features, good for budget users

AMD supports two main socket types:





AM5: For the new Ryzen 7000 to 9000 series (e.g., X870E, B850)



AM4: Compatible with Ryzen 1000 to 5000 series

＊The "E" in AMD motherboard models stands for Extreme, meaning it offers enhanced features and expandability—like more PCIe lanes, USB ports, and stronger power delivery.



Which Motherboard Is Right for You?

Here’s a quick summary of common usage scenarios:





Gaming, streaming, video editing, or overclocking?
Choose Intel Z series or AMD X series



Gaming on a budget?
Go with Intel B series or AMD B series



Just browsing the web, writing reports, or watching videos?
Go with Intel H series or AMD A series



(Only a selection of mainstream models is listed)

(for full motherboard support, please refer to each brand’s official website)



Quick Tip: Make Sure the CPU Matches the Socket!


You can’t install an Intel 13th Gen CPU (LGA1700) on a motherboard that only supports LGA1200. Similarly, you can’t use a Ryzen 7000 CPU on an AM4 motherboard.

Before buying, always check:





The motherboard’s CPU socket (e.g., LGA1700, AM5)



The CPU generations it supports



Whether the memory type is compatible (most new boards are now shifting to DDR5)







Conclusion: Motherboard Model Numbers Aren’t That Hard!


Once you understand that:





Letters indicate tier/level



Numbers refer to CPU generation



And the CPU must match the socket

Then motherboard model names won’t feel like a foreign language anymore. You’ll be able to confidently choose the right board without getting confused by spec sheets!

What do motherboard model names mean? What should you pay attention to when choosing one?
Here’s everything you need to know!

Z890? X870? What Do Motherboard Model Names Mean?

If you want to play video games, aside from the simple and convenient home consoles like the PS5 or Xbox, you also have the option of choosing between a gaming desktop or a gaming laptop. So, should you build a gaming PC or buy a gaming laptop? The answer depends on several factors:

Some people, due to work or personal reasons, need to travel frequently or can't stay in the same place for long. In this case, a gaming laptop is definitely the more convenient choice. It’s easy to carry around, and it can serve both work and gaming purposes, making it a very practical option.

Can You Accept Slightly Lower Performance?

Even if both systems are equipped with an RTX 5080 graphics card, there is still a noticeable difference in performance between a desktop and a laptop. Desktops are larger in size and draw power directly from a wall outlet, so they’re not limited by power constraints. 

Laptops, on the other hand, rely on power adapters and have more compact designs. Without effective power and thermal management, laptops can overheat, which may shorten their lifespan. If high performance is a top priority, a gaming desktop is the better choice.

Laptops take up less space, combining the monitor, keyboard, and main components into a single unit. Desktops, in contrast, require space for the case itself and additional room for peripherals like a monitor, keyboard, and mouse. Compared to laptops, desktops definitely require more space for setup.

For the same specifications, a gaming laptop will generally be more expensive than a desktop PC. If you don’t need portability and have enough space, building a gaming desktop will offer the best value for money.





If you want to play video games, aside from the simple and convenient home consoles like the PS5 or Xbox, you also have the option of choosing between a gaming desktop or a gaming laptop. So, should you build a gaming PC or buy a gaming laptop? The answer depends on several factors:



Do You Need Portability?

Some people, due to work or personal reasons, need to travel frequently or can't stay in the same place for long. In this case, a gaming laptop is definitely the more convenient choice. It’s easy to carry around, and it can serve both work and gaming purposes, making it a very practical option.







Can You Accept Slightly Lower Performance?

Even if both systems are equipped with an RTX 5080 graphics card, there is still a noticeable difference in performance between a desktop and a laptop. Desktops are larger in size and draw power directly from a wall outlet, so they’re not limited by power constraints. 



Laptops, on the other hand, rely on power adapters and have more compact designs. Without effective power and thermal management, laptops can overheat, which may shorten their lifespan. If high performance is a top priority, a gaming desktop is the better choice.







How Much Space Do You Have?

Laptops take up less space, combining the monitor, keyboard, and main components into a single unit. Desktops, in contrast, require space for the case itself and additional room for peripherals like a monitor, keyboard, and mouse. Compared to laptops, desktops definitely require more space for setup.







What About the Price?

For the same specifications, a gaming laptop will generally be more expensive than a desktop PC. If you don’t need portability and have enough space, building a gaming desktop will offer the best value for money.





Let's conduct an in-depth analysis for you based on usage needs, performance requirements, environment, and budget considerations.

Gaming PC vs. Gaming Laptop: Which One Is Better?

Should you buy a prebuilt computer or choose your own components online and assemble it yourself at home? The answer depends on your needs, brand preferences, and personal habits. Both options have their pros and cons—let’s break down how to decide between a prebuilt PC and a DIY one.

If you’re a beginner, don’t want the hassle of building a PC, or just need a reliable computer for office tasks, a prebuilt PC is a solid choice. You’ll pay a bit more, but save a lot of time and avoid technical complications, especially when it comes to warranty and support.

If you’re knowledgeable about computer components, value performance for your money, and enjoy DIY projects, building your own PC is the way to go. Not only will you better understand your system, but you’ll also save money. Just make sure to research 

 before buying parts to avoid any major setbacks.





Should you buy a prebuilt computer or choose your own components online and assemble it yourself at home? The answer depends on your needs, brand preferences, and personal habits. Both options have their pros and cons—let’s break down how to decide between a prebuilt PC and a DIY one.



Option 1｜Prebuilt PC

Pros of Prebuilt PC:





Extremely Convenient: No need to choose individual components. Simply select a model that fits your budget and requirements, place the order, and use it right out of the box once it arrives.



Unified Warranty: Since all components are provided by the same brand, after-sales support tends to be more comprehensive. If an issue arises, you can deal directly with the brand.



Higher Stability: Internal components are carefully matched by the manufacturer, so hardware compatibility issues are rare.

Cons of Prebuilt PC:





Higher Cost: For the same specifications, a prebuilt PC typically costs around 20% more than a DIY one.



Limited Component Options: The parts are pre-selected by the manufacturer, leaving little room for customization.



Limited Upgrade Potential: Prebuilt systems often use proprietary motherboard or power supply designs to fit their cases, making future upgrades more difficult.







Option 2｜DIY PC

Pros of DIY PC:





Better Price-to-Performance Ratio: You can tailor your build to your specific needs and allocate your budget to the components that matter most to you.



Highly Customizable: Mix and match components from different brands to get the performance and aesthetics you prefer.



User-Friendly Installation: Most modern components are designed for easy installation, and following manuals usually gets the job done without issues.

Cons of DIY PC:





More Time-Consuming: Researching, selecting compatible parts, and assembling the PC all take considerable time and effort.



Scattered Warranties: Each part comes with its own warranty from a different manufacturer. If something breaks, you’ll need to contact the specific brand for service.



Greater Risk for Beginners: Even though installation is simpler than before, cable management—especially for the motherboard—can still be tricky. Incorrect wiring can lead to boot failure or even hardware damage.







So, Which Should You Choose?

Best for Prebuilt PC Users:

If you’re a beginner, don’t want the hassle of building a PC, or just need a reliable computer for office tasks, a prebuilt PC is a solid choice. You’ll pay a bit more, but save a lot of time and avoid technical complications, especially when it comes to warranty and support.







Best for DIY PC Users:

If you’re knowledgeable about computer components, value performance for your money, and enjoy DIY projects, building your own PC is the way to go. Not only will you better understand your system, but you’ll also save money. Just make sure to research compatibility issues and best practices before buying parts to avoid any major setbacks.





Prebuilt PCs are more suitable for office work or general use, while DIY PCs are better for gamers seeking the best value for performance.

Prebuilt PC vs. DIY PC: Which Is the Smarter Choice?

Choosing between building a gaming PC or purchasing a PS5 console has always been a hot topic. There’s no one-size-fits-all answer—it ultimately depends on your personal needs, budget, and preferences. Here are a few key points to help you make the right decision:

Key Point 1｜Hardware Flexibility & Upgrade Convenience

Components like the graphics card and RAM can be upgraded freely. As games become more demanding, you can gradually enhance your system.

Besides gaming, it can also be used for work, content creation, and more.

Since a PC is made up of various components, the upfront cost tends to be higher, and high-performance parts are even more expensive.

Building and maintaining a PC requires a certain level of technical knowledge, which can be a barrier for players who just want to game.

Hardware is designed specifically for gaming—no need for assembly or component selection. Games on consoles are optimized for the system.

Fixed hardware costs with no need to worry about upgrades or compatibility issues.

Limited upgrade potential—primarily limited to expanding storage.

Once a new console generation is released, the older generation can quickly become obsolete.

Huge game library available through platforms like Steam and Epic Games. You can also install user-created mods for unique gameplay experiences.

Supports higher graphics quality and frame rates, and you can connect multiple monitors for gaming.

Access to platform-exclusive titles, often available before other systems. The gaming experience is optimized for controller users.

A user interface and features built specifically for gaming, making it easy to learn and use.

You can customize your build according to your budget.

If a component fails, it can be replaced individually without needing to swap out the whole system.

For similar gaming performance, consoles tend to be more cost-effective.

Online services (like multiplayer) require additional subscription fees.

PC or Console – Which One’s Right for Me?

If you're aiming for high-quality graphics, high frame rates, a stylish setup, and multi-purpose usage—and you’ve got the budget for it—a gaming PC is a solid choice.

If you prefer a simple, plug-and-play experience without the hassle, and don't necessarily need ultra-high graphics quality, the PS5 is a better fit for you.





Choosing between building a gaming PC or purchasing a PS5 console has always been a hot topic. There’s no one-size-fits-all answer—it ultimately depends on your personal needs, budget, and preferences. Here are a few key points to help you make the right decision:



Key Point 1｜Hardware Flexibility & Upgrade Convenience

Pros of PC:

Components like the graphics card and RAM can be upgraded freely. As games become more demanding, you can gradually enhance your system.

Besides gaming, it can also be used for work, content creation, and more.



Cons of PC:

Since a PC is made up of various components, the upfront cost tends to be higher, and high-performance parts are even more expensive.

Building and maintaining a PC requires a certain level of technical knowledge, which can be a barrier for players who just want to game.







Pros of Console:

Hardware is designed specifically for gaming—no need for assembly or component selection. Games on consoles are optimized for the system.

Fixed hardware costs with no need to worry about upgrades or compatibility issues.



Cons of Console:

Limited upgrade potential—primarily limited to expanding storage.

Once a new console generation is released, the older generation can quickly become obsolete.







Key Point 2｜Game Experience & Content

🖥️ PC:

Huge game library available through platforms like Steam and Epic Games. You can also install user-created mods for unique gameplay experiences.

Supports higher graphics quality and frame rates, and you can connect multiple monitors for gaming.







🎮 PS5 Console:

Access to platform-exclusive titles, often available before other systems. The gaming experience is optimized for controller users.

A user interface and features built specifically for gaming, making it easy to learn and use.





↑ PS5 UI Interface (Image from Polygon)



Key Point 3｜Budget & Running Costs

🖥️ PC:

You can customize your build according to your budget.

If a component fails, it can be replaced individually without needing to swap out the whole system.







🎮 PS5 Console:

For similar gaming performance, consoles tend to be more cost-effective.

Online services (like multiplayer) require additional subscription fees.





↑ PS Plus Membership



PC or Console – Which One’s Right for Me?

If you're aiming for high-quality graphics, high frame rates, a stylish setup, and multi-purpose usage—and you’ve got the budget for it—a gaming PC is a solid choice.

If you prefer a simple, plug-and-play experience without the hassle, and don't necessarily need ultra-high graphics quality, the PS5 is a better fit for you.







Still Hesitating? Let’s walk you through the differences and help you choose what suits you best!

Gaming PC vs. PS5: A Comprehensive Buying Guide

Power supplies can be categorized based on cable management into 

 types. These classifications mainly affect cable management convenience, installation flexibility, and overall tidiness inside the PC case.

A full modular power supply allows all cables connecting to the motherboard and other components to be detached. Users can choose which cables to install, making it more flexible for DIY builders and resulting in a cleaner cable management setup.

A semi-modular power supply has some fixed cables that cannot be removed, while others are detachable. This design offers a balance between flexibility and ease of use.

A non-modular power supply has all cables permanently attached, making it the most affordable but least convenient option for cable management.

✔ You prioritize clean and organized cable management.

✔ You frequently upgrade hardware and need flexible installations.

✔ You are on a tight budget and just need a cost-effective option.





Power supplies can be categorized based on cable management into full modular, semi-modular, and non-modular types. These classifications mainly affect cable management convenience, installation flexibility, and overall tidiness inside the PC case.



Full Modular Power Supply

A full modular power supply allows all cables connecting to the motherboard and other components to be detached. Users can choose which cables to install, making it more flexible for DIY builders and resulting in a cleaner cable management setup.







✅ Advantages





Allows installation of only the necessary cables, reducing clutter.



Easy to upgrade or replace cables without changing the entire power supply.



⚠️ Disadvantages





More expensive than semi-modular and non-modular power supplies.



Requires manual cable installation, which may not be beginner-friendly.



Semi-Modular Power Supply

A semi-modular power supply has some fixed cables that cannot be removed, while others are detachable. This design offers a balance between flexibility and ease of use.







✅ Advantages





The 24-pin motherboard and 8-pin CPU power cables are fixed, preventing mistakes during installation.



Reduces unnecessary cables, maintaining a cleaner PC interior.



⚠️ Disadvantages





Fixed power cables may create unnecessary clutter inside the case.



Harder to manage than a full modular PSU but still better than a non-modular one.



Non-Modular (Fixed Cable) Power Supply

A non-modular power supply has all cables permanently attached, making it the most affordable but least convenient option for cable management.







✅ Advantages





No need to install cables separately, simplifying the setup process.



Lower cost, making it a high-value option.



⚠️ Disadvantages





Excess cables can cause clutter, affecting airflow and aesthetics.



Harder to replace; if a cable fails, the entire PSU needs to be replaced.



Typically has lower efficiency ratings and is not ideal for mid-to-high-end hardware.



Which Power Supply Should You Choose?

You should consider a full modular power supply if:

✔ You have a higher budget.

✔ You prioritize clean and organized cable management.

✔ You frequently upgrade hardware and need flexible installations.

✔ You are using high-end components.







A semi-modular or non-modular power supply is sufficient if:

✔ You are on a tight budget and just need a cost-effective option.

✔ You are building an office PC.

✔ You do not need a dedicated GPU.





Power supplies are categorized into three main types based on how their cables are connected. Let’s take a quick look!

Ｗhat are Full Modular, Semi-Modular, and Non-Modular Power Supplies?

As graphics card power consumption continues to increase, Intel has established new power supply standards: ATX 3.0 and ATX 3.1. These standards are mainly designed to meet the high power demands of high-end graphics cards ATX 3.1 is an upgrade from ATX 3.0, focusing on improving power stability and safety.

ATX 3.0 is a new power supply standard introduced by Intel in 2022, primarily to accommodate high-wattage graphics cards. It also introduces the PCIe 5.0 12VHPWR power connector. The first graphics card to implement the 12VHPWR connector was the RTX 3090 Ti.

With the launch of the RTX 40 series, flagship graphics cards like the RTX 4090 and RTX 4080 adopted the latest 12VHPWR power connector. However, soon after release, many users reported that the power connector was overheating and even melting, leading consumers and review media to question the reliability of the 12VHPWR connector.

Although NVIDIA stated that the overheating issue was primarily due to users not fully inserting the connector, many gamers still believe it was caused by poor design of the 12VHPWR connector.

↑Graphics card damaged due to overheating connector (Image from 

ATX 3.1 is an improved version of ATX 3.0 introduced by Intel, mainly aimed at addressing the overheating and melting issues caused by the 12VHPWR power cable connector.

Improvement 1 | Power Connector Enhancement

ATX 3.1 improves upon the 12VHPWR power cable connector by adjusting the pin length to ensure a secure connection. This not only improves safety but also prevents damage due to poor contact when inserting or removing the graphics card. Additionally, the connector has been renamed to 12V-2x6.

Improvement 2 | Increased Power Supply Stability and Durability

ATX 3.1 adjusts the power hold-up time requirements. At full load, it only needs to maintain 12ms, but at 80% load, it must still maintain 17ms, improving overall stability.

The connectors for ATX 3.0 and ATX 3.1 look identical, meaning users cannot distinguish them by appearance alone. Currently, the only way to differentiate them is by checking the product specifications.

darkFlash has launched the PMT series power supply, which adopts the latest ATX 3.1 standard and includes the 12V-2x6 power connector. This ensures stable and safe power delivery of up to 600W while avoiding the melting issues of ATX 3.0 connectors.

For those using RTX 40 and RTX 50 series graphics cards, the PMT series power supply is one of the most reliable choices.

↑PMT power supply 12V-2x6 cable and connector





As graphics card power consumption continues to increase, Intel has established new power supply standards: ATX 3.0 and ATX 3.1. These standards are mainly designed to meet the high power demands of high-end graphics cards ATX 3.1 is an upgrade from ATX 3.0, focusing on improving power stability and safety.

 

What is an ATX 3.0 Power Supply?

ATX 3.0 is a new power supply standard introduced by Intel in 2022, primarily to accommodate high-wattage graphics cards. It also introduces the PCIe 5.0 12VHPWR power connector. The first graphics card to implement the 12VHPWR connector was the RTX 3090 Ti.

 

Key Features of ATX 3.0





Supports 12VHPWR power connector (16-pin).



A single cable can deliver up to 600W, suitable for high-end graphics cards.



Replaces multiple 8-pin power cables, reducing cable clutter.



Can handle up to 200% transient power spikes, ensuring system stability.



Controversies Surrounding ATX 3.0

With the launch of the RTX 40 series, flagship graphics cards like the RTX 4090 and RTX 4080 adopted the latest 12VHPWR power connector. However, soon after release, many users reported that the power connector was overheating and even melting, leading consumers and review media to question the reliability of the 12VHPWR connector.

 

Although NVIDIA stated that the overheating issue was primarily due to users not fully inserting the connector, many gamers still believe it was caused by poor design of the 12VHPWR connector.

 



↑Graphics card damaged due to overheating connector (Image from reddit, r/nvidia)

 

The Birth of ATX 3.1

ATX 3.1 is an improved version of ATX 3.0 introduced by Intel, mainly aimed at addressing the overheating and melting issues caused by the 12VHPWR power cable connector.

 

Key Improvements in ATX 3.1

Improvement 1 | Power Connector Enhancement

ATX 3.1 improves upon the 12VHPWR power cable connector by adjusting the pin length to ensure a secure connection. This not only improves safety but also prevents damage due to poor contact when inserting or removing the graphics card. Additionally, the connector has been renamed to 12V-2x6.







Improvement 2 | Increased Power Supply Stability and Durability

ATX 3.1 adjusts the power hold-up time requirements. At full load, it only needs to maintain 12ms, but at 80% load, it must still maintain 17ms, improving overall stability.

 

ATX 3.0 vs. ATX 3.1 Comparison

The connectors for ATX 3.0 and ATX 3.1 look identical, meaning users cannot distinguish them by appearance alone. Currently, the only way to differentiate them is by checking the product specifications.







Recommended ATX 3.1 Power Supply - PMT Series

darkFlash has launched the PMT series power supply, which adopts the latest ATX 3.1 standard and includes the 12V-2x6 power connector. This ensures stable and safe power delivery of up to 600W while avoiding the melting issues of ATX 3.0 connectors.

 

For those using RTX 40 and RTX 50 series graphics cards, the PMT series power supply is one of the most reliable choices.





↑PMT power supply 12V-2x6 cable and connector

 (Image from forum.gamer.com.tw)

Power supplies have reached a new version—explore the differences after the upgrade!

ATX 3.0 and ATX 3.1 Power Supply Detailed Introduction

Hunters, are you ready? The highly anticipated RPG Monster Hunter Wilds is launching on February 28, 2025! But besides the game itself, having a capable gaming rig is crucial. Can you enjoy smooth gameplay on a budget of under $1,250?

Let's dive into an affordable PC build that can run Monster Hunter Wilds effortlessly.

The AMD Ryzen 7700 features 8 cores and 16 threads based on Zen 4 architecture, offering high efficiency with low power consumption—perfect for open-world games like Monster Hunter Wilds.

Motherboard | GIGABYTE B650 AORUS ELITE AX V2

A budget-friendly AM5 motherboard with stable power delivery, DDR5 RAM support, and multiple PCIe 4.0 M.2 slots—a solid choice for a reliable gaming setup.

RAM | Acer Predator Vesta II 32GB (16GBx2) DDR5 6000 RGB

For smooth gaming, DDR5 is the way to go! The Predator Vesta II offers high frequency, low latency, and a stylish gaming look.

Long loading times? No thanks! The Crucial T500 delivers 7,400MB/s speeds, ensuring seamless gameplay with Monster Hunter Wilds.

Want a digital display on your CPU cooler but hate the hassle of liquid cooling setups? The DN-360D offers real-time CPU temperature monitoring and adjustable fan speeds for both aesthetics and efficiency.

Don’t become a pixelated hunter! The RTX 4060 EAGLE OC is the best budget choice, smoothly handling 1080p and 1440p gaming. With DLSS 3 and ray tracing support, it’s ideal for gamers on a budget.

Power Supply | darkFlash PMT 750W 80+ Gold

A power supply is the heart of your system—don’t skimp on it! The darkFlash PMT 750W supports ATX 3.1 and PCIe 5.1, meets 80 PLUS Gold standards, and offers 7 safety protections.

Tired of glass cases? The DF4100 features a full mesh front panel, pre-installed 140mm fans, and supports the latest rear-mount motherboard designs—perfect for any build level.

How Well Does This Build Perform in Monster Hunter Wilds?

Using recent PC performance benchmarks, here’s how this build handles Monster Hunter Wilds:

✅ 1080p / High Settings / Frame Generation ON

✅ 1440p / High Settings / Frame Generation ON

❌ 1440p / Ultra Settings / Frame Generation ON

✔ Gamers with 1080p or 1440p monitors who don’t need ultra settings.

✔ Players looking for budget-friendly performance with DLSS 3.

✔ Those who prioritize smooth gameplay over extreme graphics fidelity.





Hunters, are you ready? The highly anticipated RPG Monster Hunter Wilds is launching on February 28, 2025! But besides the game itself, having a capable gaming rig is crucial. Can you enjoy smooth gameplay on a budget of under $1,250?



Let's dive into an affordable PC build that can run Monster Hunter Wilds effortlessly.





CPU | AMD Ryzen 7700

The AMD Ryzen 7700 features 8 cores and 16 threads based on Zen 4 architecture, offering high efficiency with low power consumption—perfect for open-world games like Monster Hunter Wilds.



Motherboard | GIGABYTE B650 AORUS ELITE AX V2

A budget-friendly AM5 motherboard with stable power delivery, DDR5 RAM support, and multiple PCIe 4.0 M.2 slots—a solid choice for a reliable gaming setup.



RAM | Acer Predator Vesta II 32GB (16GBx2) DDR5 6000 RGB

For smooth gaming, DDR5 is the way to go! The Predator Vesta II offers high frequency, low latency, and a stylish gaming look.



Storage | Crucial T500 1TB SSD

Long loading times? No thanks! The Crucial T500 delivers 7,400MB/s speeds, ensuring seamless gameplay with Monster Hunter Wilds.



Cooling | darkFlash DN360D Liquid CPU Cooler

Want a digital display on your CPU cooler but hate the hassle of liquid cooling setups? The DN-360D offers real-time CPU temperature monitoring and adjustable fan speeds for both aesthetics and efficiency.







GPU | GIGABYTE RTX 4060 EAGLE OC 8GB

Don’t become a pixelated hunter! The RTX 4060 EAGLE OC is the best budget choice, smoothly handling 1080p and 1440p gaming. With DLSS 3 and ray tracing support, it’s ideal for gamers on a budget.



Power Supply | darkFlash PMT 750W 80+ Gold

A power supply is the heart of your system—don’t skimp on it! The darkFlash PMT 750W supports ATX 3.1 and PCIe 5.1, meets 80 PLUS Gold standards, and offers 7 safety protections.







Case | darkFlash DF4100 Mesh Front Panel

Tired of glass cases? The DF4100 features a full mesh front panel, pre-installed 140mm fans, and supports the latest rear-mount motherboard designs—perfect for any build level.



How Well Does This Build Perform in Monster Hunter Wilds?

Using recent PC performance benchmarks, here’s how this build handles Monster Hunter Wilds:



✅ 1080p / High Settings / Frame Generation ON





Average FPS: 104.34



Smooth gameplay with high settings enabled.







✅ 1440p / High Settings / Frame Generation ON





Average FPS: 84.37



Great balance between visuals and performance.







❌ 1440p / Ultra Settings / Frame Generation ON





Below 40 FPS—not recommended.







Who Is This Build For?

✔ Gamers with 1080p or 1440p monitors who don’t need ultra settings.

✔ Players looking for budget-friendly performance with DLSS 3.

✔ Those who prioritize smooth gameplay over extreme graphics fidelity.





Build a gaming PC for under $1,250 that runs Monster Hunter Wilds smoothly—start your hunter’s journey today!

Budget Hunter's Guide: Play Monster Hunter Wilds Smoothly for Under $1,250

Have you ever been confused about how much wattage your power supply should have when building a DIY PC? This is where a PSU wattage calculator comes in handy. It accurately estimates your components' power consumption and recommends an appropriate power supply to prevent underpowering or wasting electricity.

 OuterVision calculator, brands like Be Quiet, FSP, and Seasonic also offer PSU wattage calculators in both Chinese and English.

 as an example, let's calculate power consumption based on the following configuration:

Step 3: Choose RAM, Storage, and Cooling System

After inputting all the details, click the Calculate button. Based on this setup, the FSP Wattage Calculator estimates the system's power consumption at 650W and recommends a 750W power supply.

| Why Do Different Wattage Calculators Provide Different Results? |

When testing the same configuration on different PSU wattage calculators, the recommended wattage may vary:

Based on these results, it’s recommended to choose a PSU between 850W and 1000W:





Have you ever been confused about how much wattage your power supply should have when building a DIY PC? This is where a PSU wattage calculator comes in handy. It accurately estimates your components' power consumption and recommends an appropriate power supply to prevent underpowering or wasting electricity.



In addition to the previously recommended OuterVision calculator, brands like Be Quiet, FSP, and Seasonic also offer PSU wattage calculators in both Chinese and English.



| How to Use a PSU Wattage Calculator |

Using the FSP Wattage Calculator as an example, let's calculate power consumption based on the following configuration:





CPU: Intel Core i7-13700K



CPU Cooler: 1 water block, 3 fans



RAM: 16GB DDR4 x 2



GPU: Nvidia GeForce RTX 4070 Ti



Storage: M.2 SSD x 2



Fans: 4 additional case fans



| Step-by-Step Guide |

Step 1: Select Your CPU Model





Choose the brand (e.g., Intel or AMD).



Select the socket type of your processor.



Pick the exact CPU model and indicate if overclocking is enabled.





Step 2: Select Your GPU Model





Choose the GPU brand and model.



Specify the number of GPUs installed.



Indicate whether overclocking is enabled.





Step 3: Choose RAM, Storage, and Cooling System





RAM: Enter the number of memory sticks and type.



Storage: Specify the number of installed storage drives. (M.2 SSDs are often excluded from this calculation.)



Cooling: Enter the number of fans and the size of any liquid cooling system.





Step 4: Calculate and Review the Results

After inputting all the details, click the Calculate button. Based on this setup, the FSP Wattage Calculator estimates the system's power consumption at 650W and recommends a 750W power supply.





| Why Do Different Wattage Calculators Provide Different Results? |

When testing the same configuration on different PSU wattage calculators, the recommended wattage may vary:





FSP Wattage Calculator: Recommends 750W+ PSU



Be Quiet Wattage Calculator: Recommends 1000W PSU



MSI Wattage Calculator: Recommends 850W+ PSU



OuterVision Wattage Calculator: Recommends 750W+ PSU



This discrepancy is normal because different calculators use slightly different formulas for estimation.



How to Choose the Right Wattage?

Based on these results, it’s recommended to choose a PSU between 850W and 1000W:





If you're on a budget, a minimum of 850W should suffice.



If you plan to upgrade your system in the future, opting for a 1000W PSU might be a better investment.





A PC wattage calculator helps determine the required power supply wattage based on your hardware configuration, ensuring you select the right PSU.

Choosing the Right Power Supply: Learn to Use a Wattage Calculator in Just 5 Minutes

As an enthusiast of games and computer DIY in this age, we, darkFlash, feel proud and grateful for keep thinking how to develop impressive and extraordinary products with high-end facilities by assembling and using the PC cases, CPU coolers, case fans, and even gaming chairs and tables in person.

Our goal is to create products that could extremely exert its effect by every user.